Despite a short-term reduction, electricity prices are estimated to rise by 10 - 15% in 2013, following the tightening of restrictions on emissions levels. This has caused concern amongst intensive energy users such as the steel, aluminium, cement and paper industries. They fear that the price increase, along with other related factors, will significantly increase their costs at the time when they will still be recovering from the current economic slowdown. In order to remain successful in the future, they will need to hedge looming high costs by investing in emissions-reducing technologies.